Sadie, Stanley and Tyrrell, John; Editors, The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Groves Dictionaries, Inc., January 2004, ISBN: 0195170679 It is apparent in the Florenz, W2, and Madrid sources that long sections of the organalis seen in W1 have been wiped away in favor of new, and more elaborate material. That's why it's difficult to separate out specific pieces within the Magnus liber as being safely within the camp of Léonin and his school, apart from 13 responses intended for the Canonical Hours and 32 responses to specific masses. Notre Dame Organum is most important in that rhythm was introduced according to a system of rhythmic modes. All that is known about him is thanks to the writings of an English student called Anonymous IV. As construction of the huge sanctuary progressed at Notre Dame, the desirability of added "triplum" and even "quadruplum" parts to the Magnus liber became an issue; the text of the work began to change under other hands, most famously those of Léonin's alleged pupil Perotin. Leonin (late 12th c.) began to use the rhythmic modes in his 2-part works (organum duplum). This would account for the diminutive of Léo by which he was known and also for the absence of his name from the preserved list of the higher officers of the Cathedral. In this treatise Léonin is connected with Paris and is praised as the best composer of organa (two-voiced settings of soloistic portions of chants of the Mass and the daily prayer hours). People will see it as Author Name with your public flash cards. In the original work, more than a hundred pieces would have been preserved in Organum Duplum. Sections of chant not set by Léonin would be sung out by the choir in unison, and sometimes the choir would read along with the tenor during the discants. His works and the works of his contemporary, Perotin, are classified as Notre Dame Organum. 1150s — d. ? Below is a short summary of polyphony in early European music. Florid Organum - 12th century Moreover, his works constitute the first comprehensive repertoire of liturgical polyphony, which, with settings for about 100 Gregorian chants for all the major feasts of the Church year, remained in use for more than 2 centuries and spread to all the Western countries. But the organizing and principal parts were sung by expert vocalists who were placed at the center of the choir. Anonymous 4 refers to Léonin as "optimus organista," and in his work he employed a two-part polyphonic texture which Léonin termed Organum Duplum; the tenor was the "principal voice" (vox principalis), generally intoning long syllables drawn from plainchant, and an "organizing voice" (vox organalis) which added freely rhythmic melismata up above. 1165-1185), or Leoninus, of the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris, is the earliest known composer of polyphonic art music and the creator of controlled rhythm and meter, as well as of the earliest notation to convey rhythm. General Bibliography: Léonin (active ca. He probably lived and worked in Paris at the Notre-Dame Cathedral, and was the earliest member of the Notre-Dame school of polyphony who is known by name. He probably was French, and it's suposed that he lived and worked in Paris, at the Notre Dame Cathedral. His organa are arranged for two vocal lines. Copyright 2010 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved. In the late twentieth century, a scholar proposed that Léonin was likely the author of a salacious book concerning carnal behavior among the clergy which appeared in the 1180s. Léonin usually alternated these passages with discant sections, where the tenor and organizer would move more or less together in a note-per-syllable pattern. By continuing, you agree to our Little is known about the life of Leonin. Léonin evidently composed his organa for the Cathedral of Notre Dame, whose present magnificent stone structure rose in the main between 1163 and 1208. Organum involved a simple doubling of the chant at an interval of a fifth or fourth above or below. Slonimsky, Nicolas and Kuhn, Laura; Editors, Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians, Gale Group, December 2000, ISBN: 0028655257 This music is known in four major manuscripts; Wölfenbuttel 677 (W1) and 1099 (W2), Codex Florenz, and Codex Madrid, the last named containing a condensed version of the Magnus liber. Terms of Use He is one of the earliest known composers of polyphonic church music known as "organum". In the discant section each note of the melismatic section of the cantus was set against one to three notes in the second voice. Two of the many settings of the text are famous as being among the earliest pieces of polyphony by known composers, Léonin and Pérotin of the Notre Dame school. Other Information: The best survey of Léonin's works is in Donald Jay Grout, A History of Western Music (1960). To him is attributed the Magnus liber organi (c. 1170; “Great Book of Organum”), a collection of two-voiced organum settings, Leonin is the earliest known composer of polyphonic organum. Léonin (active ca. and Please set a username for yourself. About the life of Léonin absolutely nothing is known. Parallel Organum at the Fourth or Fifth - 10th century Use of Oblique, Contrary, and Parallel motion - 11 century Léonin, leading liturgical composer of his generation, associated with the Notre Dame, or Parisian, school of composition. 1165-1185), or Leoninus, of the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris, is the earliest known composer of polyphonic art music and the creator of controlled rhythm and meter, as well as of the earliest notation to convey rhythm. Leonin is the earliest known composer of polyphonic organum. While Perotin's settings of the Magnus liber are more frequently performed, Léonin's achievement in compiling the book is on a par within Western sacred music with the Lutheran hymnal or Bach's cantata cycle. One is the chant tune, the cantus firmus, laid out either in notes of undefined length or, in some sections, in a sequence of definite note values; the other is a newly composed melodic descant, a rhythmically controlled coloratura of great ingenuity, coordinated with the cantus firmus.

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