f , and are the amplitudes and phases of the three components, respectively. If Near saturation, each additional dB of input power results in proportionally less output power going into the amplified carriers and proportionally more output power going into the unwanted intermodulation products. Passive Intermodulation (PIM) in a network can cause serious interferences and significantly degrade the network quality and impact KPI figures. b − 1 | <> Intermodulation is also usually undesirable in radio, as it creates unwanted spurious emissions, often in the form of sidebands. {\displaystyle ~f_{a},} Download this article in .PDF format. Paths that share both high power transmission and the receive signal are most susceptible to this kind of interference. that are subjected to two or more high power tones. When two or more frequency signals exist in the same passive device, they would gener-ate passive intermodulation products [2, 3]. x��W�n�0��SX����O�Xɦib��&6���l֒8$���x.�x!^')��p���X���>�9��K��ۊ�Gi�Jޫ2�~��u ���dl p���mK��L���N)�����Ό]���%X��g(��v���I��R�:�H�>4�5Y�QAR廙�XՍ�A?�ls��!�0�xi/)����K�x)�Liym��G��?3,��/Q��M��ŵ��,���9$����i���'����Q��td���ə�t��ް �?��2�%����ƗZ��U��+�>Q6����� S������S�F�J�x3�+��p�#-��"��T��B�����r�טY6�]]�jHM�:�֛�Ȏ��L�$;ff��KYa��l���lС�챂�ItN�G��Գ�r��+Jd_��(z-���B��蘨Ԓw��\�A�n����.$�eAAtK�������b���p.�炯(�vC��f"�4A,}7 Passive intermodulation is a significant issue within the cellular industry . , and IMD is also distinct from intentional modulation (such as a frequency mixer in superheterodyne receivers) where signals to be modulated are presented to an intentional nonlinear element (multiplied). f t 80 0 obj k 1 Metal flakes or shavings inside RF connections. A simple model is developed for predicting the power rise of the passive intermodulation in the first zone generated by broadband signals compared with the 2-tone test, followed by an experimental validation. , x��V�r9.��>vSՎ%��G����ZSŁ��$f&�@v�e�v�v��$ The cause of Passive Intermodulation is very complex and uncertain. {\displaystyle ~k_{c}} and k Intermodulation is caused by non-linear behaviour of the signal processing (physical equipment or even algorithms) being used. Signal processing and detection, All contents © The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2019, Could not contact recaptcha for validation, Electronics Letters — Recommend this title to your library, © The Institution of Engineering and Technology, http://iet.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1049/el.2015.3446, pub_keyword,iet_inspecKeyword,pub_concept, Register now to save searches and create alerts, Analysis of passive intermodulation generated by broadband signals, Wireless Theory and Technology Laboratory, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunication, P.O. 77 0 obj Higher-order intermodulation products (5th order, 7th order, 9th order) are visible at very high input power levels as the amplifier is driven past saturation. k b f N f 1 where the 2 endobj k ( << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 358 >> of a given intermodulation product is the sum of the absolute values of the coefficients.
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