[48], Aurangzeb's son, Bahadur Shah I, repealed the religious policies of his father and attempted to reform the administration. [39], Another name for the empire was Hindustan, which was documented in the Ain-i-Akbari, and which has been described as the closest to an official name for the empire. Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the battle of Panipat and started this famous dynasty of Mughals in India. [42], Shah Jahan's eldest son, the liberal Dara Shikoh, became regent in 1658, as a result of his father's illness. Finally came a series of violent political feuds over control of the throne. A skilled military leader and administrator, Aurangzeb was a serious-minded ruler who avoided the decadence and substance-abuse issues that had plagued several of his predecessors. [33], The Mughal designation for their own dynasty was Gurkani (Persian: گورکانیان‎, Gūrkāniyān, meaning "sons-in-law"). Encyclopædia Britannica. [110], The historian Nizamuddin Ahmad (1551–1621) reported that, under Akbar's reign, there were 120 large cities and 3200 townships. Babur's forces occupied much of northern India after hi… The emperor lost authority, as the widely scattered imperial officers lost confidence in the central authorities, and made their own deals with local men of influence. [64], The Mughal administration emphasized agrarian reform, which began under the non-Mughal emperor Sher Shah Suri, the work of which Akbar adopted and furthered with more reforms. During his reign he enlarged his kingdom of Northern India, Afghanistan and Persia, and although he was a Muslim he had Hindus in his government. By the death of Akbar, the third Mughal ruler, the Mughal Empire extended from Afghanistan to the Bay of Bengal and southward to what is now Gujarat state and the northern Deccan region of India. India has witnessed the reign of different rulers. A further distinction was the attempt of the Mughals, who were Muslims, to integrate Hindus and Muslims into a united Indian state. "Empire" as a description of foreign policy, This page was last edited on 29 September 2020, at 06:41. By 1857 a considerable part of former Mughal India was under the East India Company's control. He was succeeded by his son Akbar. The Mughal Empire began to decline in the 18th century, during the reign of Muḥammad Shah (1719–48). Fifteen years later, Humayun took advantage of discord among Sher Shah’s successors to recapture Lahore, Delhi, and Agra. The use of mines and counter-mines with explosive charges of gunpowder is mentioned for the times of Akbar and Jahāngir. The 10th Mughal Emperor. [14] The Indian campaign of Nader Shah of Persia culminated with the Sack of Delhi and shattered the remnants of Mughal power and prestige, as well as drastically accelerating its decline. Many of the empire's elites now sought to control their own affairs, and broke away to form independent kingdoms. [90] Indian textiles dominated the Indian Ocean trade for centuries, were sold in the Atlantic Ocean trade, and had a 38% share of the West African trade in the early 18th century, while Indian calicos were a major force in Europe, and Indian textiles accounted for 20% of total English trade with Southern Europe in the early 18th century. Although he was under British protection his imperial name was removed from the official coinage after a brief dispute with the British East India Company. Evidence for the use of a draw bar for sugar-milling appears at Delhi in 1540, but may also date back earlier, and was mainly used in the northern Indian subcontinent. [42] India developed a strong and stable economy, leading to commercial expansion and economic development. In Modi’s India, Muslim rulers of the past ‘can’t be heroes’ as Mughal museum renamed The Mughals ruled India for 300 years. The British exiled the last Mughal. In 1719 alone, four emperors successively ascended the throne". The diffusion of the spinning wheel, and the incorporation of the worm gear and crank handle into the roller cotton gin led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production during the Mughal era. The Mughals were a branch of the Timurid dynasty of Turco-Mongol origin from Central Asia. In 1568 he captured the fortress of Chitor (now Chittaurgarh), and his remaining Rajput opponents soon capitulated. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Ousted from his ancestral domains in Turkistan by Sheybani Khan, the 14-year-old Prince Babur turned to India to satisfy his ambitions. [14] Successive Mughal commanders refused to adjust their tactics and develop an appropriate counter-insurgency strategy, which led to the Mughals losing more and more ground to the Maratha. He commissioned his most famous creation, the Taj Mahal, in 1632 after his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal, died while giving birth to the couple’s 14th child. 4, pp. By … [8] Around 80% of Mughal India's imports were bullion, mostly silver,[72] with major sources of imported bullion including the New World and Japan,[71] which in turn imported large quantities of textiles and silk from the Bengal Subah province. At which of the following battles was Humayun defeated by Sher Shar Suri?

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