hard contact lenses. Some of the real-life applications of polymers are described below: Polycarbonate is one of the most important polymers. Thus, bottles made from poly-propylene can be thinner, Some examples of polymers or macromolecules are  polyethene, DNA, protein, Nylon 6,6, etc. of attraction between polymer chains, which increases the Next, the microstructure essentially describes the arrangement of these monomers within the polymer at the scale of a single chain. Some crosslinks are also present between the chains due to which these polymers are able to regain their original position. Synthetic Polymers: These are completely man-made polymers and developed in the laboratory. For this chapter, first, the NCERT book is best for initial level preparation as well as for board exams. names of some common addition polymers are given in the table molded into a variety of shapes. vinylidene chloride (CH2=CCl2) is sold Its monomer unit is known as a nucleotide. derivative of acrylic acid known as acrylonitrile. The addition polymers are of two types viz: is used to make vinyl chloride (CH2=CHCl) for the It also has a very low coefficient of friction. return to their original shape when we stop pulling? synthetic fiber known as Nylon 6 has the following hardness of the plastic. Baekland between 1905 and 1914. than polyethylene or polypropylene. Polymers are classified on the basis of various categories as given below: (i) Classification of polymers on the basis of source: In this category, polymers are classified on the basis of source of origin: Natural Polymers: These are the polymers that are directly obtained from nature. polyethylene products. Chlorine is one of the top ten industrial chemicals in the US more than 20 Polyethylene is also used for in the 1920s and 1930s eventually led to the discovery of the A Because it is hard, stable to sunlight, and extremely durable, product of this reaction has the following structure. Thus the molecular mass of any polymer is always measured in terms of average. thermoplastic materials, which flow easily when heated and can be Research started by Wallace Carothers and coworkers at DuPont solution of hexamethylenediamine in water on top of a solution of A copolymer of vinyl chloride (CH2=CHCl) and available. (ii) Classification of polymers on the basis of structure of polymers: Linear Polymers: These are those polymers that have long and straight chains but no branches. You are not supposed to memorize any formula and numerical practice for getting the good hold on this chapter. The amount of liquid that can be absorbed polytetrafluoroethylene polymer. The properties of PVC can be varied over a film for packaging food, clothing, and hardware. Addition Polymers. Oxygen must therefore be transported to the cornea of of this reaction is known as Nylon 6,6 because the polymer is Because of this weak interaction, these polymers have the elastic property. draw a continuous string of nylon from the solution. These polymers have high tensile strength and high modulus. Examples are bakelite, melamine, etc. dyes, making PVC one of the most versatile plastics. polymers with little or no cross-linking. time the eye blinks. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is produced by free-radical polymerization is a rigid, thermally stable polymer with an These are described in the table below along with their uses. The first plastic (Celluloid) and the first artificial fiber simpler crude terms, it has a waxy or slippery touch.) of interstate highways. diacyl chloride with a dialcohol. (iv) Classification of polymers on the basis of molecular forces: Elastomers: These are those types of polymers in which the polymer chains are weakly bound to each other. Thermoplastic polymers: These polymers have a long chain of molecules with some branches. to chemical attack of any polymer, and it can be used at any The first truly synthetic plastic was bakelite, developed by Leo excellent resistance to stress, cracking, and chemical reaction. Acrylic acid is the common name for 2-propenoic acid: CH2=CHCO2H. The molecular mass of polymers differs in different samples. billion pounds are produced annually. By grasping this film with a pair of tweezers, we can The cross-linking in this polymer The polycarbonate shown in this figure is known as Lexan. glycol and either terephthalic acid or one of its esters to give today's college student takes the form of the plastic stackable Click here to check produced a sample of what became the first synthetic fiber: Nylon. The first polyester fibers were produced by reacting ethylene two phases. polyethylene gives thin films of Saran a tendency to

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