(1996). Brain Res. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. doi: 10.1111/j.1551-6709.2011.01171.x, Brogaard, B. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4549-07. The perceived luminance of a stimulus in his intact field, by contrast, seems to originate in the normal visual pathway which includes V1. It should be pointed out, however, that since the experience of phosphenes differs from visual perception in that the former experience is not attributable to an external stimulus, it is not clear whether these findings are sufficiently informative in terms of the relation between visual perception (which involves experiences of external stimuli) and mental imagery. On the basis of these findings, we propose a modification of Kosslyn’s model of imagery that accommodates unconscious imagination and explore possible explanations of the quasi-pictorial phenomenology of conscious visual imagery in light of the fact that its underlying neural substrates and mechanisms typically are distinct from those of visual experience. 94, 2491–2503. Subjects adjust their grip size to match the object, even when changes in the size of an object are not consciously detected (see Gentilucci et al., 1995). On the enactive view, perceptual experience cannot be understood as an internal representation of the perceived environment, but must be understood in terms of knowledge of the actions involved in perceiving the environment. If conscious imagery is indeed quasi-pictorial but fails to have the same neural substrate as perception, what explains its vivid perception-like phenomenology? Front. Contrasting early visual cortical activation states causally involved in visual imagery and short-term memory. was able to use information associated with the ventral stream. Although this account may explain the very meager phenomenal content of visual imagery, it does not explain why visual imagery is not as glitzy, rich, and intense as a hand-on experience of, say, a beautifully colored mind-independent scene. In: Cognitive Psychology. J. Neurosci. Neurol. (1989). 8, 502–512. There is, however, a crucial difference between mental imagery and perception. Pearson, J., Naselaris, T., Holmes, E. A., and Kosslyn, S. M. (2015). Cogn. 63:101–128. For example, it has been argued that such attitudes “inherit” their content from beliefs or desires (Currie and Ravenscroft, 2002, pp. 80, 1–24. (2012). A study in normal subjects. Bd. Vision for action is the visual processing required to retrieve information about the features of objects needed to guide online movement such as manipulating a computer mouse, quickly reaching to and grasping an object, or jumping from one rock at the bay to another rock located some distance away. On knowing how to do things: a theory of motor imagery. The debate over the nature of mental imagery, especially with respect to the interpretation of recent findings on the transformation of images.” has failed to focus on the crucial differences between the so-called “analogue” and “propositional” approaches. Seeing Through Illusions. Van Leeuwen, N. (2014). 7, 433–445. Although some evidence seems to suggest that the primary visual cortex is crucial in both visual perception and conscious imagination (see Cattaneo et al., 2009, 2012), one explanation may turn on the difference in the involvement of the primary visual cortex in visual perception and conscious versus unconscious visual imagery. Block points to a study by Goodale and Murphy (1997) who demonstrated that subjects can effortlessly reach to an object and grasp it even when it appears blurry. Is blindsight just degraded normal vision? Neuroimage 24, 791–801. Some features of the site may not work correctly. However, the debate has re-emerged recently as some have argued that the depictive properties of images are grounded in the brain (Kosslyn, 1994; Kosslyn et al., 2003). Shepard, R. N., and Metzler, J. Similarly, you can perceive something voluntarily, say, when you wish to attend to your child showing you some new moves at the ice-skating rink, but you can also perceive something even when you do not intend to perceive it, say, a horrific accident that is happening right in front of you. The representing brain: neural correlates of motor intention and imagery. (1998). doi: 10.1097/00001756-199112000-00017, Castiello, U., Paulignan, Y., and Jeannerod, M. (1991). Oxford: Oxford University Press. These studies do not necessarily show that there is no overlap of neural substrates but only that there is not a full overlap of mechanisms. Macrae, D., and Trolle, E. (1996). doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.06.005, Prablanc, C., Echallier, J. F., Jeannerod, M., and Komilis, E. (1979). Brain Res. For example, studies suggesting that visual mental imagery (much like visual perception) depends on the functioning of retinotopically organized areas in the occipital lobe have led researchers to assign a crucial role to the primary visual cortex (V1) in mental imagery as well as to extra-striate visual areas such as V4, V5/MT and the fusiform area (Kosslyn et al., 2006). Currie, G., and Ravenscroft, I. The medium and the message in mental imagery: a theory. Is conceivability a guide to possibility? Neither observation, however, gives us good reason to think that sensorimotor know-how is constitutive of (or explanatory of) the phenomenology of perception or imagery.

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