As a young woman with no college degree, Brenner went to New York and impressed Franz Boas, a prominent anthropologist who had pioneered the idea of cultural relativism. Study area and sampling stations during summer 2007 (dots) and spring 2008 (triangles). miles, and an estancia de ganado menor 4/9 sq. Although the size of individual estancias probably varied from the royal standard, some being smaller and others, like the Dominican estancias, apparently much larger, Spanish ranching and agricultural interests consumed a major portion of the region’s land resources. In northern New Spain, many Indian groups that were unable to protect their claims to traditional agricultural lands were drawn irrevocably into the colonial market economy, either as wage laborers on rural estates or as members of the growing unskilled labor force inhabiting colonial towns and cities.7 Still, maintenance of a communal land base did not preclude assimilation into colonial society, and is not by itself a sufficient condition for cultural persistence. El libro de las tasaciones de pueblos de la Nueva España, siglo XVI (Mexico City, 1952), 373-374; Burgoa, Geográfica descripción, II, 398-399. See, for example, Eva Hunt’s extensive analysis of this topic in “Irrigation and the Socio-Political Organization of Cuícatec Cacicazgos,” in The Prehistory of the Tehuacán Valley, D. S. Byers, ed. Native groups in these areas were spared the rapid extinction suffered by their Antillean cousins, at least in part because of higher aboriginal population densities and the prevalence of socioeconomic structures preadapted to the labor and tribute demands of a European conquest state. I do not argue that isthmian ranching itself triggered cultural changes as drastic as those witnessed during the early sixteenth century, but rather suggest that this period of major land use changes had other noneconomic consequences that helped shape the types of adaptation that particular communities or ethnic groups made to the developed colonial world of the seventeenth century. My husband, Rabbi Erez Sherman, and I developed a new routine upon entering and sitting in our sukkah. While these last communities seem to have been mountain settlements of the Zoque, that group’s major territorial base on the eastern coastal plain was also a prime area for Spanish ranching. Comparative list of species richness (R) and families (NF) by sampling region in the northern hemisphere of the. Fr. Architectural and artifactual evidence from prehistoric sites on the Río de los Perros suggests that social distinctions within Zoque society were based on gradations of rank rather than sharp divisions between social classes.17 By the time the Spaniards entered the southern isthmus, the Zapotecs had thoroughly disrupted the Río de los Perros settlement system, dispersing the residents of the largest communities, influencing the material culture of the smaller hamlets and villages that remained, and establishing Zapotec outposts in prime agricultural zones. 401. 7, fol. All three ethnic groups are represented among the 17 communities for which we have records of petitions from individuals. As discussed earlier, this area was one of those particularly favored for ranching, since its mosaic of scrub and savanna vegetation offered good pastures. As discussed above, the establishment of community sheepfolds during the isthmian ranching boom was almost exclusively a Zapotec accomplishment, one which the preexistence of a class responsible for similar kinds of projects surely facilitated. Since livestock rather than agriculture was the dominant form of Spanish land use on the southern isthmus, a heavy reliance on native labor was not associated with this period of major land expropriation. The "neritic assemblage" occupied the continental shelf and its characteristic species consisted of larvae whose adults inhabit the neritic province and spawn in the same zone, like some species of Bothidae, Cynoglossidae and Bregmacerotidae. Studies on fish community struc- ture in coastal lagoon systems on the Pacific coast of Mexico were carried out by Warburton (1978), Yanez- The archival research on which this study is based was supported by a grant from the Mazer Fund for Faculty Research, Brandeis University.

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