the NSS News, and current NSS members automatically receive a copy of each CNS oxygen toxicity, in some cases associated with medications. The most common of these were:[1][12], Disabling agents were also identified in one third of the cases. [3], in at least 9% of fatalities in the ANZ survey cited by Edmonds et al. Feature articles include a special report of a bizarre caving incident that took place on 1 April, 1995 by Dwight Livingston and “More on Bad Air in Caves,” by William Mixon. There may be several investigators representing different parties. Procedural investigation considers whether the diver followed appropriate procedures, adequately prepared themselves and their equipment before diving, or went diving in conditions beyond their training and experience level. Some fatalities are inevitable and caused by unforeseeable situations escalating out of control, though the majority of diving fatalities can be attributed to human error on the part of the victim. In litigation involving diving accidents, the legal panel reported that 85% to 90% of the cases were attributable to diver error. safety. Although extremely dangerous, it seems the cave is too alluring to stay away. As his remains still haven't been found, we might never know whether Pritchard died from equipment failure, a medical emergency, or if some part of the ship simply collapsed around him. This would have been aggravated by suit compression at depth.[3]. This dangerous practice is unfortunately promoted by some instructors as it expedites shallow water training and allows divers to learn to descend without fully learning the appropriate skills. There were few overt triggers or disabling agents identified, but reports suggested that about 60% of the decedents displayed symptoms of dyspnea, fatigue, chest pain or other distress, and 10% displayed these symptoms before the dive. The associated triggers include exercise, drugs, hypoxia from salt water aspiration, cardio-pulmonary reflexes, respiratory abnormalities, restrictive dive suits and harness, and cold exposure. Medical investigation looks into the diver's health and medical factors which may have led to the cause of death. (2014) suggest that a significant percentage of deaths are associated with equipment failure (35%) or misuse (35%), while the diving fatalities workshop of 2012 found that equipment failure per se was uncommon. Triggers may have included deep dives, diabetes and nitrox dives, including a seizure witnessed at a depth where the oxygen partial pressure would have been approximately 1 bar, normally considered safe. reports, and inquiries related to ACA may be directed to Bonny at aca@caves.org. When the other divers surfaced, they immediately noticed Pritchard was not with them. It depends on how soon the event is reported, how long the paperwork takes, how soon the insurance carrier appoints an investigator and availability of a suitable investigator. This hinders research which could improve diver safety. [3] Each buddy is responsible for ensuring that the other knows where they are at all times. When sending newspaper clippings, be sure 68 were actively investigated by DAN, DAN was notified of 127 recreational scuba deaths during 2015. [15], In most cases, the investigation takes place some time after the event. The next most frequent trigger, entanglement, can largely be avoided by keeping clear of obvious entanglement hazards, and can be mitigated by extrication skills, tools and an adequate gas supply while busy. [4], The "DAN Annual Diving Report 2016 edition" lists their Ten Most Wanted Improvements in Scuba as:[9]:5, More than half of diving fatalities may be a consequence of violations of accepted good practice. Important procedural items include when testing should be conducted, who is responsible for the testing, what equipment should be tested and what tests should be done. One in 8 victims refused to return the demand valve, however, donating a regulator rarely results in the donor becoming the victim. Fatality rates of 16.4 deaths per 100,000 persons per year among DAN America members and 14.4 deaths per 100,000 persons per year the British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) members were similar and did not change during 2000 The footage is on YouTube, and it's highly disturbing to watch the diver start to panic and thrash around. (11%) rough water conditions included high sea states, strong currents, and surf conditions at beaches, rocky shores and piers. [15], People who would be likely to be considered witnesses include:[15], Equipment testing is an important part of dive accident and fatality analysis. [1][12], The chain of events leading to diving fatalities is varied in detail, but there are common elements: a triggering event, which leads to a disabling or harmful event and causes a disabling injury, which may itself be fatal or lead to drowning. Buoyancy issues could be a more important contributing factor than is immediately apparent. A summary report in the style of

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