However, while there were more positive than negative effects found, there were also many non-significant findings, and hence, the degree of benefit was (at that stage) relatively modest. While there was no evidence that the transition out of family joblessness was more beneficial for those in CfC sites, it should be remembered that more families transitioned out of joblessness in CfC compared to comparison sites.We also examined the effect of family joblessness adjusting for children's literacy skills at 3-5 years of age (bottom panel of While the regression models presented above were intentionally exploratory and did not include many covariates to adjust for pre-existing differences, the results do suggest that persistent joblessness in early childhood undermines academic achievement in middle childhood.

The difference-in-difference models for the PedsQL physical health outcome restated the significant result for Wave 3 (reported in the Phase 1 evaluation), where children's physical functioning reported by primary carers in CfC sites was lower than in comparison sites. These differences varied between .32 to .49 standard deviation units, which was a medium effect size. We considered residential mobility between Waves 1 and 3, Waves 3 and 4 and Waves 4 and 5. Rather, this result is likely due to "regression toward the mean", a phenomenon where extreme measurements revert back to their long-term average on subsequent measurement. *** To test whether the association between sample attrition and any of these factors differed for families in Stage 2 CfC and contrast sites, we estimated models including interactions between each of these variables and a variable indicating those families that live in a Stage 2 CfC site (results not shown). First, there is no evidence that residential mobility undermined the validity of the results. The types of services offered in the CfC sites differ depending on the needs of each community, and include home visiting; programs on early learning, child nutrition and literacy; parenting and family support services; and community events (Edwards et al., 2011). In comparison sites at Wave 3, there was a 55% reduction in the odds of primary carers reading often to the study child compared with Wave 1. This was particularly the case for the lower income subgroup. Findings from this latter phase of the evaluation support the view from the earlier evaluation (focused on Waves 1-3) that this may have been due to greater engagement with health services (resulting in heightened surveillance by health professionals) and monitoring by primary carers (Edwards et al., 2009).Fourth, there were two instances where the difference-in-difference estimates suggested worse outcomes for CfC sites; however, these are likely to be due to pre-existing differences at baseline and are not indicative of a program effect. Although most of the effects were small, they were similar, if not greater, to those found for many alternative early childhood interventions. Therefore, the fidelity of how programs were delivered was not assessed and cannot be ascertained by the evaluation.

As a consequence, the study continued to follow the 7-8 year-olds from these two "upgraded" sites, and, unlike other sites, no new 7-8 year-olds were recruited. This notwithstanding, there are some initial results relating to primary carers' employment that seem promising.

The pattern is somewhat different for primary carers whose youngest child is 5 years and over. Area-based services delivered under a Facilitating Partner model are known as the CfC Facilitating Partner program.

In most cases, this was the mother. *** Looking at the majority of families in the top 80% of the income distribution (at Wave 1) the pattern of joblessness across waves very much drives the patterns reported in There was a dramatic decrease in joblessness from Wave 1 to Wave 5 for families who were in the bottom 20% of the income distribution at Wave 1 in both CfC and comparison sites.
This suggests that even if the Welfare to Work reforms were one of the factors leading to the reduction of joblessness in comparison sites, there is little evidence to suggest that they reduced joblessness further in CfC sites. In the higher income group, there was a significant difference in the changes at Waves 4 and 5 compared with Wave 1. … a list of 57 titles

Both have been implemented nationally as a means of improving the life chances of children. The evidence suggests that there was a 51% decline in new recipients of the Single Parent Payment and a 55% decline in the number of recipients of Parenting Payment Partnered. *** Echoing this similarity between comparison and CfC sites on child injuries, there were no significant results from the difference-in-difference models of children's injuries, either overall or within income and education subgroups. I love this show, but Bennie annoys the heck out of me. We also saw some evidence to suggest that the detrimental effects of joblessness occurred prior to starting school (when children were 4-5 years of age), as much of the influence of early joblessness on later NAPLAN scores was entirely mediated through differences in early literacy skills at 4-5 years, which were associated with concurrent joblessness. Two recent examples include Sure Start in the UK (NESS Team, 2012) and Communities for Children in Australia (Muir et al., 2010).
In addition, parental support is a focus of SSLP areas; therefore, an improvement in mothers but not children's outcomes might be expected.

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