The languages divide into two groups, known as the centum languages and satem languages, based on the respective words for "hundred" in representative languages of each group (Latin and Avestan, respectively). It is the solution one encounters in the, Strazny: "The single most popular proposal is the Pontic steppes (see the Kurgan hypothesis)...". the interjection *wai 'alas') thus not being suitable for comparative analysis, or are argued to have been borrowed from some other language which had phonemic *a (e.g. Germanic languages show merger of long and short */a/ and */o/, as well as the merger of */e/ and */i/ in non-initial syllables, but (especially in the case of Gothic) are still important for reconstructing PIE vowels. They are symbolically grouped with the cover symbol T. According to the traditional reconstruction, such as the one laid out in Brugmann's Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen more than a century ago, three series of velars are reconstructed for PIE: The actual pronunciation of these sounds in PIE is not certain. The schwa indogermanicum symbol ə is sometimes used for a laryngeal between consonants, in a "syllabic" position. [citation needed] These conclusions are suggested by the following evidence: The satem group of languages merged the labiovelars *kʷ, *gʷ, *gʷʰ with the plain velar series *k, *g, *gʰ, while the palatovelars *ḱ, *ǵ, *ǵʰ became sibilant fricatives or affricates of various types, depending on the individual language. Szemerényi's law, Stang's law) vowels *e and *o would lengthen, yielding respective lengthened-grade variants. Anatolian and Tocharian evidence suggests that the original form of the thorn clusters was in fact *TK: Hittite has tēkan, tagnās, dagān and Tocharian A tkaṃ, tkan- for case-forms of 'earth', so that the development outside Anatolian and Tocharian involved a metathesis. ", Indo-European Grammar, Syntax & Etymology Dictionary, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Indo-European_language&oldid=980723434, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, All now extinct, the best attested being the. pIE *ǵʰ → proto-Indo-Iranian *džjh → Indic /h/, Iranian /z/. In certain morphological (e.g., as a result of Proto-Indo-European ablaut) and phonological conditions (e.g. Consequently, other scenarios regarding the possible Indo-European homeland, such as Anatolia, have now been mostly abandoned. Albanian and Greek are the only surviving Indo-European languages in the group. [38] Still, a default (unmarked) word order is thought to have existed in PIE. The "laryngeals" may have been fricatives, but there is no consensus as to their phonetic realization. A separate reflex of the original *o or *a is however argued to have been retained in some environments as a lengthened vowel, due to the effect of Winter's law. Rather, they claim that the centum change did indeed occur independently in multiple centum subgroups (at the very least, Tocharian, Anatolian and Western IE), but was a phonologically natural change given the current interpretation of the "palatovelar" series as plain-velar and the "plain velar" series as back-velar or uvular, and given the minimal functional load of the plain-velar/palatovelar distinction. Scholars have proposed multiple hypotheses about when, where, and by whom PIE was spoken. Analogous to the depalatalization of the satem languages, the centum languages show delabialisation of labiovelars when adjacent to *w (or its allophone *u), according to a rule known as the boukólos rule. Instead, under this interpretation, the uvulars *q, *ɢ, *ɢʰ (the "plain velars" of the traditional reconstruction) were fronted to velars across all branches. For example, what used to be reconstructed as PIE *ā is now reconstructed as *eh₂; *ī, *ū are now reconstructed as */iH/ */uH/, where *H represents any laryngeal; and *a has various origins, among which are a "syllabic" [H̩] (i.e. The two long vowels are less common than the short vowels and their morphological conditioning is especially strong, suggesting that in an earlier stage there may not have been a length opposition, and a system with as few as two vowels (or even only one vowel, according to some researchers) may have existed.

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