2005). To determine morphological parameters that may drive, or be driven by, the diverse batoid diet, we (1) reconstructed from CT scan data the skeletal morphology of 40 genera of batoid fishes, (2) determined which morphological aspects of the batoid feeding mechanism are coevolving, (3) mapped morphological and dietary trends onto the batoid phylogeny, and (4) correlated morphology with dietary specialization. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Download : Download high-res image (180KB)Download : Download full-size image. Moreover, these radiations have occurred in a short amount of time relative to the evolutionary timeline of cartilaginous fishes: sharks and chimaeras diverged in the Devonian (∼400 mya), but the batoid body form only arose in the last 200 million years (McEachran and Aschliman 2004). Not much is known about the reproduction of this species. Elements of the feeding apparatus evolved independently of one another, suggesting that decoupling components of the head skeleton created separate but interacting evolutionary modules that allowed trophic diversification. Many rays are adapted for feeding on the bottom. The eggs of oviparous skates are laid in leathery egg cases that are commonly known as mermaid's purses and which often wash up empty on beaches in areas where skates are common. We use these models to provide absolute limits and upper and lower bounds that mechanically and anatomically constrain dietary composition. The batoid clade demonstrates diversity in both cranial morphology and feeding ecology. The rays were obtained through monthly sampling as by-catch from bottom trawl fisheries in northeastern Brazil from August 2007 to July 2008. Tip taxa are numbered and listed in the lower right corner, with the torpedinid, narcinoid, myliobatoid, and durophagous taxa indicated by arrows. The following Euclidean distance measurements were then calculated from the above 13 landmark coordinates: (1) interhyomandibular distance—the distance between the left and right craniohyomandibular joints, (2) hyomandibular length—the distance between the craniohyomandibular joint and the distal hyomandibular articulation, (3) hyomandibula-mandibula joint space—the distance between the distal hyomandibular articulation and the lateral mandibular edge, (4) quadratomandibular joint width—the distance between the lateral mandibular edge and the corner of the mouth, a measure of the width of the joint between the upper and lower jaws, (5) anatomical gape width—the distance between the left and right corners of the mouth, (6) effective gape width—the distance between the left and right labial cartilage edges, a measure of the actual gape in species with labial cartilages, (7) gape height—the distance between the upper and lower jaw symphyses. parentage and sibling relationships, to assess dispersal potential. The minimum convex polygon for complex prey joint width/mouth shape morphologies is considerably larger than that for hard prey joint width/hyomandibula length morphologies, but both polygons are reasonably exclusive (they include few species that do not feed on the dietary character in question). We used data collected from shark control programs conducted between 1967 and 1980, throughout the Hawaiian island chain, to examine the distribution and dietary over- lap of the 4 most abundant carcharhinid sharks. Diet. Dietary overlap was high between gray reef and sandbar sharks, and between sandbar and Galapagos sharks. Trophic level was positively correlated with the disk width, which were lower than 4.0 for both sexes and different size classes, placing it in intermediate trophic level. We have also published the first range extension of this species, updating its contemporary distribution. Navia, J. Bohórquez-Herrera and J.A. Group names assigned at the top of the figure are to facilitate the broadscale referencing of taxa, but may not be taxonomically accurate (e.g., “guitarfishes” are polyphyletic).

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