Rather, the only consequence of a failed drug test is to limit the students privilege of participating in extracurricular activities. United States v. Martinez-Fuerte, 428 U. S. 543, 561 (1976). Applying Vernonias principles to the somewhat different facts of this case demonstrates that Tecumsehs Policy is also constitutional. 105-106, 131. Brief for United States as Amicus Curiae 18. In the public school context, a search may be reasonable when supported by "special needs" beyond the normal need for law enforcement. In Vernonia, this Court held that the suspicionless drug testing of athletes was constitutional. For its part, the United States acknowledges that the linebacker faces a greater risk of serious injury if he takes the field under the influence of drugs than the drummer in the halftime band, but parries that the risk of injury to a student who is under the influence of drugs while playing golf, cross country, or volleyball (sports covered by the policy in Vernonia) is scarcely any greater than the risk of injury to a student handling a 1500-pound steer (as [Future Farmers of America] members do) or working with cutlery or other sharp instruments (as [Future Homemakers of America] members do). Brief for United States as Amicus Curiae 18. 92 of Pottawatomie Cty. 515 U. S., at 658. Engaging narratives from across American History that allow your students to step into the past and meet the men and women, both well-known and forgotten, who have helped shape our history. 47J v. Acton, 515 U. S. 646 (1995), depended on the fact that the drug testing program applied only to student athletes. Finally, the nature and immediacy of the governmental concern, Vernonia, 515 U.S., at 660, faced by the Vernonia School District dwarfed that confronting Tecumseh administrators. But a demonstrated drug abuse problem is not always necessary to the validity of a testing regime, even though some showing of a problem does shore up an assertion of a special need for a suspicionless general search program. Because the "reasonableness" inquiry cannot disregard the schools' custodial and tutelary responsibility for children, id., at 656, a finding of individualized suspicion may not be necessary. For instance, in Von Raab the Court upheld the drug testing of customs officials on a purely preventive basis, without any documented history of drug use by such officials. v. Earls CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT. The Tenth Circuit reversed, holding that the Policy violated the Fourth Amendment. Unlike Vernonia, where the District Court held a bench trial before ruling in the School District's favor, this case was decided by the District Court on summary judgment. See, e.g., id., at 665. Nor do the test results lead to the imposition of discipline or have any academic consequences. See, e. g., App. "Ante, at 837; see also ante, at 841-842 (BREYER, J., concurring). Pp. DISTRICT NO. GINSBURG, J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which STEVENS, O`CONNOR, and SOUTER, JJ., joined, post, p. 842. In contrast to the criminal context, a probable-cause finding is unnecessary in the public school context because it would unduly interfere with maintenance of the swift and informal disciplinary procedures that are needed. 186; 1995-1996 Application, reprinted at App. As to the required pretest disclosure of prescription medications taken, the Court assumed that "the School District would have permitted [a student] to provide the requested information in a confidential manner — for example, in a sealed envelope delivered to the testing lab." Security, Unique The tests results are not turned over to any law enforcement authority, nor do the results lead to imposition of disciple or have any academic consequences. Teachers testified that they saw students who appeared to be under the influence of drugs and heard students speaking openly about using drugs. The particular testing program upheld today is not reasonable, it is capricious, even perverse: Petitioners policy targets for testing a student population least likely to be at risk from illicit drugs and their damaging effects. Griffin v. Wisconsin, 483 U. S. 868, 873 (1987) (internal quotation marks omitted). Free essays, homework help, flashcards, research papers, book reports, term papers, history, science, politics Pp. The 5–4 decision overruled Stanford v.Kentucky, in which the court had upheld execution of offenders at or above age 16, and overturned statutes in 25 states. Id., at 1287. of Independent School Dist. In regulating an athletic program or endeavoring to combat an exploding drug epidemic, a school's custodial obligations may permit searches that would otherwise unacceptably abridge students' rights.
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